Which of the following are considered modifiable risk factors for cancer?

Modifiable risk factors for cancer are those aspects of a person's lifestyle or environment that can be changed to reduce the risk of developing cancer. Smoking and dietary habits fall into this category because individuals have control over these behaviors and choices.

Smoking is well-documented as a leading cause of various types of cancer, especially lung cancer. By quitting smoking or avoiding tobacco use altogether, individuals can significantly lower their cancer risk. Dietary habits also play a crucial role; poor nutrition can contribute to the development of certain cancers, and improving diet—such as increasing the intake of fruits and vegetables or reducing processed foods—can help mitigate this risk.

In contrast, factors such as age, family history, genetic mutations, and hormonal changes are primarily non-modifiable. Age is a natural factor that increases cancer risk due to accumulated cellular damage over time. Family history and genetic mutations indicate predispositions that individuals cannot change. Hormonal changes also relate to biological processes beyond an individual's control. Thus, focusing on modifiable factors like smoking and dietary habits is essential in cancer prevention strategies.