What is Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)?

Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS) is accurately described as a group of metabolic complications that can occur after cancer treatment, particularly following the rapid destruction of tumor cells. This condition is most commonly seen in patients with certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma, where large volumes of tumor cells are destroyed quickly, leading to the release of intracellular contents into the bloodstream.

The key metabolic derangements associated with TLS include hyperuricemia (elevated uric acid levels), hyperkalemia (elevated potassium levels), hyperphosphatemia (increased phosphate levels), and hypocalcemia (decreased calcium levels). These abnormalities can result in acute kidney injury, cardiac arrhythmias, and other serious complications if not promptly recognized and managed.

Understanding TLS is critical for oncology nursing because it emphasizes the need for vigilant monitoring and early intervention in at-risk patients, particularly during the initiation of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. By recognizing the signs and symptoms of TLS and managing fluid balance, electrolyte levels, and renal function, nurses play a vital role in reducing morbidity associated with this syndrome.