What is the term for the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells?

The term for the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells is known as carcinogenesis. This complex process involves various genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the abnormal growth and division of cells. During carcinogenesis, normal cellular mechanisms that regulate the life cycle of cells, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death), become disrupted.

This transformation typically includes a series of stages, starting from the initiation phase, where genetic mutations may occur, followed by promotion, which involves the expansion of initiated cells, and finally progression, where these cells develop increasingly aggressive characteristics, leading to the formation of a malignant tumor.

Understanding carcinogenesis is crucial in oncology nursing, as it helps in comprehending how cancer develops, identifying risk factors, and implementing prevention strategies.